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Collected Research

Thyroid nodules are common, being detected in up to 65% of the general population. This is likely due to the increased use of diagnostic imaging for purposes unrelated to the thyroid. Most thyroid nodules are benign, clinically insignificant, and safely managed with a surveillance program. The main goal of initial and long-term follow-up is identification of the small subgroup of nodules that harbor a clinically significant cancer (≈10%), cause compressive symptoms (≈5%), or progress to functional disease (≈5%).

The Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules: A Review.

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Graves’ disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) are the first-line treatment, but when discontinued, >50% of patients experience relapses. Conventional definitive treatment options include surgery and radioiodine therapy (RAI), each with its own disadvantages. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) achieved promising short-term remission rates in a previous pilot study. The current study reports our experience of using RFA to treat relapsed GD in the largest cohort of patients with a longer follow-up period.

The Two-Year Results of Using Radiofrequency Ablation as a Novel Treatment for Persistent or Relapsed Graves' Disease: A Prospective Study

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The therapeutic landscape of Graves’ hyperthyroidism has been rapidly evolving in the past few years. There has been a shift worldwide toward antithyroid drugs as the preferred first-line therapy with significant interest in thyroid function preservation, even if it requires more than 2 years of antithyroid drug treatment. This approach, long term antithyroid drug therapy, has gained traction as a therapeutic option after it has been shown to be safe and associated with significantly higher rates of remission than the traditional 18-month course of medical treatment. In parallel, we see, after 80 years of antithyroid drugs as the only medical therapy available for Graves’ disease, a strong interest in new drug development that follows more closely the pathophysiology of the disease. These approaches span the spectrum of targeting antigen presentation, B cell activation, TSHR antibody cycle and TSHR signaling. Separately, advances in wearable devices and artificial intelligence models present new opportunities for more timely diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of patients with Graves’ disease. Finally, new therapies will pose novel challenges in the management of patients that will necessitate adjustments to our clinical practices and development of guidelines suited for these new therapeutic options.

The evolving therapeutic landscape of Graves’ disease in adults: present and future

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Objectives: This study compares volume reduction of benign thyroid nodules three months after Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), Microwave Ablation (MWA) or High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) to evaluate which of these methods is the most effective and safe alternative to thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy.

Material and methods: Ninety-four patients (39 male, 55 female) with a total of 118 benign, symptomatic thyroid nodules were divided into three subgroups. HIFU was applied to 14 patients with small nodules. The other 80 patients were divided up into two groups of 40 patients each for RFA and MWA in the assumption that both methods are comparable effective. The pre-ablative and post-ablative volume was measured by ultrasound.

Results: RFA showed a significant volume reduction of nodules of 50 % (p<0.05), MWA of 44 % (p<0.05) and HIFU of 48 % (p<0.05) three months after ablation. None of the examined ablation techniques caused serious or permanent complications.

Thermal ablation of thyroid nodules: are radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation and high intensity focused ultrasound equally safe and effective methods?

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This historical review examines the life, surgical innovations, and lasting influence of Thomas Peel Dunhill, an Australian surgeon whose contributions to thyroid surgery were foundational yet often overlooked. The article traces Dunhill’s development of the “Dunhill procedure,” a unilateral subtotal thyroidectomy technique that significantly reduced operative mortality during the early 20th century. Through archival material, correspondence, and contemporary accounts, the paper highlights Dunhill’s role in shaping modern operative management of Graves’ disease and toxic goiter. It also explores the professional dynamics of the era, including Dunhill’s interactions with contemporaries such as Kocher and Mayo, and the reasons his work received less recognition despite its clinical impact. The article positions Dunhill as a pivotal but under‑acknowledged figure whose refinements in thyroid surgery helped establish safer, standardized approaches that influenced endocrine surgery for decades.

Thomas Peel Dunhill, the forgotten man of thyroid surgery

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In 2017, the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) Committee of the American College of Radiology (ACR) published a white paper that presented a new risk-stratification system for classifying thyroid nodules on the basis of their appearance at ultrasonography (US). In ACR TI-RADS, points in five feature categories are summed to determine a risk level from TR1 to TR5. Recommendations for biopsy or US follow-up are based on the nodule’s ACR TI-RADS level and its maximum diameter. The purpose of this article is to offer practical guidance on how to implement and apply ACR TI-RADS based on the authors’ experience with the system.

Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): A User’s Guide

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Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation (RTA) was reported as an effective tool for the management of thyroid nodules (TNs). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RTA and to establish whether they were treatment-related by comparison with a matched, untreated control group.

Thyroid Nodules Treated With Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation: A Comparative Study

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Thermal ablation using radiofrequency is a new, minimally invasive modality employed as an alternative to surgery in patients with benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers. The Task Force Committee of the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) developed recommendations for the optimal use of radiofrequency ablation for thyroid tumors in 2012. As new meaningful evidences have accumulated, KSThR decided to revise the guidelines. The revised guideline is based on a comprehensive analysis of the current literature and expert consensus.

Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation Guideline: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology

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Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a well-known, effective, and safe method for treating benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers. Thyroid-dedicated devices and basic techniques for thyroid RFA were introduced by the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) in 2012. Thyroid RFA has now been adopted worldwide, with subsequent advances in devices and techniques. To optimize the treatment efficacy and patient safety, understanding the basic and advanced RFA techniques and selecting the optimal treatment strategy are critical. The goal of this review is to therefore provide updates and analysis of current devices and advanced techniques for RFA treatment of benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers.

Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation: Updates on Innovative Devices and Techniques

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation has been recommended as an alternative to surgery for benign thyroid nodules. However, little is known about the benefit from the application of radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules in elderly patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation versus thyroidectomy for elderly patients with benign thyroid nodules.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 230 elderly patients (60 years of age or older) with benign thyroid nodules treated with radiofrequency ablation (R group, n = 49) or thyroidectomy (T group, n = 181). Complications, thyroid function, and treatment variables, including procedural time, estimated blood loss, hospitalization, and cost, were compared after propensity score matching. The volume, volume reduction rate, symptoms, and cosmetic score were also evaluated in the R group.

Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation versus Thyroidectomy for the Treatment of Benign Thyroid Nodules in Elderly Patients:

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Ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules is safe enough and works well enough for use in the NHS.

Before this procedure is used, the thyroid nodule must be tested to make sure it is benign (not cancerous). A thin needle is used to take a sample of tissue from the nodule, to check for cancer cells. Ultrasound‑guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation should not be done if the nodule is cancerous.

Current evidence on the safety and efficacy of ultrasound guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules is adequate to support the use of this procedure provided that standard arrangements are in place for clinical governance, consent and audit.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules. Interventional procedures guidance

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Thermal and chemical ablation are minimally invasive procedures that avoid removal of the thyroid gland and target symptomatic nodules directly. Internationally, Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is among one of the most widely used thermal ablative techniques, and is gaining traction in North America. Surgery remains the standard of care for most thyroid cancer, and in the right clinical setting, Active Surveillance (AS) can be a reasonable option for low risk disease. Minimally invasive techniques have emerged as an alternative option for patients deemed high risk for surgery, or for those patients who wish to receive a more active treatment approach compared to AS. Herein, we review the literature on the safety and efficacy of RFA for treating benign non-functioning thyroid nodules, autonomously functioning thyroid nodules, primary small low risk thyroid cancer (namely papillary thyroid cancer) as well as recurrent thyroid cancer.

Update of Radiofrequency Ablation for Treating Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules. The Future Is Now

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